The data from ISEE-3, Wind, and ACE were time-shifted because they are about an hour upstream of the Earth's magnetosphere. Spacecraft data used for compiling the OMNI solar wind reference include IMP-8, ACE, Wind, ISEE-3, and Geotail. OMNI provides the IMF (magnitude and vector), flow velocity (magnitude and vector), flow pressure, proton density, alpha particle to proton density ratio, and several additional parameters including sunspot and geomagnetic indices and energetic proton fluxes from IMP and GOES. OMNI is widely used in the heliospheric community as is documented by the large number of acknowledgements in scientific papers. This is known as "anomaly cancellation," and this places the stringent constraints on how the values of the various fermion species can be related.OMNI is an hourly resolution multi-source data set of near-Earth solar wind's magnetic field and plasma parameters spanning the period from November 1963 (IMP 1 launch) to today, and it is being updated regularly with new data. Equivalently, if we want to have a well-defined quantum theory, these anomaly terms need to be exactly zero. These quantum anomaly terms lead to nonconservation of the classically conserved currents in the theory, and this destroys several necessary properties of the theory-stability, unitarity, and renormalizability. If the quark and electron charges are not in the correct rational ratios, certain quantum corrections will be nonzero. The fermions involved can be quarks, electrons, muons, neutrinos, etc, and the sizes of the quantum corrections are determined (in part) by the charges of those fermion species. The fractions do not need to be $-\frac$) with virtual fermion-antifermion pairs. The charges of the quarks must be simple fractions of the electron charge $e$, because otherwise there would be a breakdown of charge conservation in quantum corrections. Is it impossible as of today's view that both electrons and quarks are made up of the same something smaller (strings)? I accept and respect that currently, electrons are elementary particles. Is it a coincidence that quarks have -1/3 and 2/3 the electron's charge and there are three quarks in a Baryon? Could we have quarks with any kind of electric charge, like Sqrt(3)*elementary charge? Could we make a stable atom this way too? How many quarks would we put in this case into a Baryon to make atoms stable? But, come on, my question is, what if the quarks' charge could only be -1/sqrt(3) and 2/sqrt(3)? How many quarks would we then need to make up the nucleus - to make it match the electron's charge? Is it mathematically possible to have any kind of electric charge for the quark? We could simply put as many valence quarks in a Baryon to make a stable atom? We could do this with any integer number of quarks. This would work too, and the neutron and proton would have the same way an integer of the electron's charge. Now I do understand that there could be Baryons made up of four quarks, and they could have then -1/4 and 3/4 charge of the electron's elementary charge. It seems that the quarks teamed up exactly so three of them in Baryons so they can cancel out (attract) exactly the electron's electric charge. I mean come on! I do understand the respect that the experimental data tells us that electrons and quarks are both elementary particles. OK so we will team up of three of us, so we will just take each of us -1/3 or 2/3 of your charge.Įlectron says: Great!, I feel it, this way we can have a stable atom. Quarks: Hey, great idea, how much electric charge do you have? Let's call it e. So electron says: hey quarks, let's team up, let's make an atom. Any other way, the atom would not be stable. This way, the nucleus and the electron can be in a stable atomic state, where their electric charges cancel (attract) exactly. This way, the quarks can combine so that the Baryon will have an integer of the elementary charge. I do understand that the experimental data fit the models and that Baryons are made up of three quarks, and that those quarks can have -1/3 or 2/3 the elementary charge. We live in a world, where quarks can have a real fraction of the elementary charge (-1/3 or 2/3). Why do electron and proton have the same but opposite electric charge? Is there any idea why the electric charges of electron and muon are equal? Hypercharge for $U(1)$ in $SU(2)\times U(1)$ model Is there an explanation for the 3:2:1 ratio between the electron, up and down quark electric charges?
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